Jallian Wala Bagh (1977)

I was watching some interviews of Gulzar recently on YouTube. One thing that he mentioned in almost all his conversations was the impact of India’s partition on his life and works. Not surprising for someone who was born on the other side of the border that wasn’t present at that point of time, Gulzar talked very fondly about the land that was once a part of his being, and that presently was alienated from him, at least in terms of physical distances. But despite this admission, we find that the man was hardly ever a part of any cinematic venture that explored the stories of that painful time. Most of his work that revolved around that motif was not done for the big screen. His poems, his stories, and anecdotes on the subject are a part of his poetry books, his memoirs, and some plays that have been adapted from the same.

Gulzar in a still from Jallian Wala Bagh

However my quick research reminded me of one movie set in pre-independence India, which Gulzar contributed to immensely. Jallian Wala Bagh, a movie directed by Mr. Balraj Tah (one time director/film-maker), had its screenplay and dialogues written by the maestro of words. Chronicling the events around the horrific incident that gave a new impetus to the Indian Nationalist movement, the movie can also be termed as a sketchy biography of Shaheed Uddham Singh, the revolutionary young man who murdered the man largely responsible for the mass massacre that happened on 13^th April, 1919.

Parikshit Sahni essays the role of Uddham Singh, while Vinod Khanna and Deepti Naval play major parts that bring in some star value to the otherwise non-commercial looking venture. Shabana Azmi has an insignificant cameo, but the surprise of the show is a meaty role by none other than Gulzar. As a young man contributing to the freedom struggle while living in London, Gulzar delivers a patchy performance that vindicates his decision of not going in front of the camera ever again. However the portions involving him are some of the most polished part of the otherwise amateurish attempt by the first time director.

The movie is far from being a very fine one. However, at just over 100 minutes in length, it is a reasonably good watch, at least from the point of view of being an important film based on true events. It is tough to describe it as a biopic as it fails to do justice to that genre despite having Uddham Singh as a fulcrum for the narrative. As an effort that documents a critical chapter of our freedom movement, the movie again falls short. Ultimately it ends up as a confused attempt that could have been made into a defining feature, had some more research and effort been done before making it. Some of the factors that redeem the movie are:

Non-violence vs Violence: How to get India to revolt?

• Its depiction of the underling conflict between the extreme revolutionaries and the moderate (and non-violent) Gandhian reformers. The characters of Om Shivpuri and Vinod Khanna, father and son, are at constant loggerheads regarding the approach that the freedom struggle should adopt. Here Deepti Naval provides the balancing act and articulates the difficulty in making one choice out of the two. This debate later continues between Uddham Singh and Om Shivpuri’s character in London, two decades after the incident of Jallian Wala Bagh.
• The introduction of a global perspective to the proceedings in the later part of the film. When Uddham Singh reaches London, the world is in a state of conflict, with Hitler on the warpath. It is refreshing to see a movie talk about the broader canvas, while not losing the grip of the core plot. The use of an English lady’s character that supports Uddham Singh and Sunil (Gulzar) against the British is done really well, and executed sans any stereotypes.
• A major part of the second part (which is set in England) is in English. This again is quite different for a movie that largely talks to a Hindi speaking audience. In fact this leads me to believe that the second part of the movie, which has much finesse as compared to the first, must have been shot first. The first hour of the movie (the events leading to the massacre) might have been shot later with more mainstream appeal in the hope of giving the movie a commercial release.

Parikshit Sahni as 'Uddham Singh', the revolutionary who killed  Micheal O'Dwyer, the man responsible for the massacre of Jallian Wala Bagh

In the hands of an expert (or rather more ambitious) director, the subject of the movie could have been exploited better. Haven’t we seen many Hollywood movies going back to the past to churn our Oscar winning films? Here it must be said that our Hindi film industry has not made use of the vast source of literature that our pre-independence days resulted it. Neither has our period of struggle been given its due importance in many of our films. We have a very few films that talk about that era, and sadly many of them are on similar subjects (with the life of Bhagat Singh seeing more than five cinematic representations over the years). 

A Poster of the movie: Highlighting the commercial elements, while concealing the real ones

Nishant (1975)

“Zulm karna paap hai, par zulm sehna us se bhi bada paap hai”

This line may be an oft repeated one in many of the old Hindi Masala potboilers from the 70s and the 80s. But few would expect it to be the most definitive and poignant lines from Shyam Benegal’s take on the curses of the feudal system, Nishant (Night’s end). Nishant is a story set in the pre-independent era when our country was no country at all, but an agglomeration of fiefdoms, kingdoms, and states- some tiny and non-descript, while some mighty and formidable. Benegal tells the tale of one of the many insignificant Indian villages from that time, which has a landlord family lording over it. This village remains unnamed throughout the film which implies that the story could have been an occurrence in any part of our country. Though from the dialect and the customs and traditions shown in many of the scenes, it can be inferred that it is somewhere in Andhra where the cruel Zamindar (Amrish Puri) and his three younger brothers exploit the poor and helpless villagers in a bid to sustain and further their dominance over them.

Like Benegal’s previous work Ankur, this one is a no-frills representation of an era and a place that we deliberately choose to glaze over while talking about our great nation. Written by noted playwright Vijay Tendulkar, the seemingly straightforward story has many contours and dimensions that cannot be missed. However, the first forty minutes of the movie are devoted solely to setting the context and establishing the characters. Through some cleverly handled sequences we are introduced to the terror of the powerful feudal lords, their blatant and brazen suppression of the villagers through their illicit ways, their intra-familial dynamics wherein the eldest brother is the commander, the next two (Mohan Agashe and Anant Nag) are his devoted uncouth followers, while the youngest Vishwam (Naseeruddin Shah) is a sometimes reluctant sometimes eager follower of his elder brothers’ ways and means. This much confused youngest brother Vishwam later becomes the inadvertent catalyst of a violent revolution that sees the villagers take up the arms against their oppressive guardians, while his much affected wife Rukmini (Smita Patil) can be nothing but a silent observer.

Vishwam and Rukmini

While we have had movies that have dealt with the issue of zamindari, Nishant is unique as it mainly addresses the issue of carnal exploitation by the debauched men of the landlord family, while the other forms of exploitation are relegated to the backdrop. Unabashed in its treatment and unequivocal in its approach, the misdoings of the zamindars is clearly highlighted through the bouts of drinking and sexual gratification the brothers indulge in every night at the expense of one or the other innocent village girl. This world of moral depravity is shaken when the youngest brother Vishwam gets attracted to the wife of the village schoolmaster (Girish Karnad). The schoolmaster and his wife Sushila (Shabana Azmi) move in to the village and just as they slowly start to get attuned to the ways of the land, the Zamindar brothers’ forcibly take her away to their haveli, while her hapless husband kicks and wails watched on by the suppressed villagers. At the haveli, Sushila becomes a sexual object to the brothers, though the access to her is primarily given to the youngest Vishwam who is terribly besotted by her beauty. She is kept confined in the house, and slowly resigns to her fate. On the other hand her husband tries to appeal to all the official authority in this regard, but proves unsuccessful. But egged on by the village priest and spurned by an exchange he has with his wife in the temple (when she is allowed a visit there by Vishwam), the schoolmaster sparks a revolution in the villagers that takes a violent turn…

The reference to Ramayana is obvious in the way the narrative pans out. The Ravanas (Zamindars) forcibly take Sita (Sushila) as her hostage and keep her in Lanka (Haveli). Then Ram (schoolmaster) assembles a sena (villagers) to fight against the devil. However the similarities end here as everything else is a much stark departure from what happens in the epic. The treatment here is dark and disturbing, which makes the movie quite hard to watch (I saw it in two sittings).

It is tough to talk about performances in such a film where the written material is so strong. All the actors do a terrific job. In fact this movie is one of the early movies in the careers of all the major stalwarts of parallel cinema- Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi, Smita Patil, Girish Karnad, and Amrish Puri. However the two strongest performances are by delivered by Amrish Puri and Shabana Azmi. The latter is simply brilliant in the temple sequence when she meets her husband. The way she expresses helplessness, defiance, anger, and disgust is simply seen to be believed. Amrish Puri has the physicality and presence of the cruel villain, and the director fully capitalizes on it by giving him such a persona. 

Parting Note: Like Ankur, this one too is a disturbing watch that basically mirrors some uncomfortable truths about our society through an engaging story. These Shyam Benegal films are a study in contrast to the Rajshri films from the same time that dwelt on all the things that were happy, well, and bright in our villages. In my opinion each of these schools of film-making is as important as the other and should be treasured equally.

Masoom (1983)

This is my 50th post in the series. To mark the milestone I choose one of my favorite films for discussion- Shekhar Kapoor's 1983 feature Masoom, starring Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi, and Jugal Hansraj (as a child artist) in principal roles. The film is one of the most acclaimed ones from that time and is the winner of many a awards for its actors as well as for the people responsible for its timeless music- Gulzar (lyrics, screenplay, and dialogues), and RD Burman (music director). Shekhar Kapoor also won tremendous appreciation for his able handling of a sensitive subject in his debut directorial effort. 

Masoom has quite a following amongst Hindi movie lovers and is widely recalled as one of the most loved films from that time. Thus I design this post as a tribute to the movie where I will recount some of my favorite moments from the film apart from discussing some subtle aspects. For the same I am using some screen-shots from the movie- my first attempt at the method. 

The family

One of the most loved aspects about the movie is the wonderful portrait of an urban nuclear family it paints. Indian cinema from the time of its inception has always stressed on the joint family system as the perfect way to live. Rarely did one see a movie in which a nuclear family was shown to be so happy and contented. It was maybe a reflection of our society and our culture which stresses on the importance of living together. Thus seldom did we see a family on celluloid sans the parents or the multitude of siblings and cousins. Masoom is truly unique in that sense for that period of time. It was truly an advertisement for the Government initiative which says 'Chhota Parivaar Sukhi Parivaar'.

Also it was one of the few movies that celebrated the urban way of living. DK Malhotra (Naseerudin Shah) is a successful architect who owns an idyllic house in a posh colony of Delhi. His wife Indu (Shabana Azmi) is the quintessential urban housewife who has a household help for assisting her in the daily chores, has a garden to look after, is educated and helps the kids with their homework. The way their house is set up shouts sophistication and richness. The family has its dinners and lunches and breakfasts on a fancy dinner table. The culinary on the table is all un-Indian and the kids are quite proficient in table manners. The children have a separate room all for themselves, and the parents don't mind going to parties without them. At the parties the wife quite enjoys it when her husband makes a mockery of himself in an inebriated state. The weekends are spent at a posh club with bonfires and all. 

The friends

Both DK and Indu are part of the 'high society'. Their friends and acquaintances are from the same world. DK's best friend and confidante Suri (Saeed Jaffrey) is an exuberant Punjabi who likes his wine and women and is quite into sports. He is a proud father of a spoilt kid and enjoys his son's impudence and relishes his slight achievements. But the gregarious fellow is good man at heart and a true friend to DK. With him DK can discuss his worst fears and the biggest mistakes without feeling ashamed. In him he has a 3 AM friend who he can call upon at any time in times of adversity. 

But despite all of the urbane feel and the progressive attitude in life, it is still a male dominated world. The women of both the households are housewives who have nothing much to do apart from looking after their home and children while they wait for their husbands to return from work. Indu's friend Chanda (Tanuja) plays a crucial role in shaping her thought process. Chanda, more than a friend, is an influencer who acts as a reference to Indu when times become tough for her. In the initial portions of the movie Chanda is a fiercely independent woman who has adopted a tough persona to hide the sorrow that haunts her from inside caused by her husband abandoning her for some other woman. She vows to never forgive her husband and channelizes the feeling of rejection through her sarcastic and cynic view of the world. But during the end portions of the movie her tough exterior breaks down when her husband returns to her, and she forgives him. This happens at a time when Indu herself is slowly coming to terms with her husband's infidelity and is drawing closer to the young boy her husband had fathered with some other woman. 

The Infidelity

A married DK visits his Alma-mater for a reunion and runs into the beautiful and enigmatic young daughter of his teacher- Bhavna (Supriya Pathak). There is something quaintly charming about the lady that pulls him towards her. Their interactions are wistful and thus their encounter is one that has an inexplicable sadness attached to it.Maybe the fact that they both realize the pointless nature of their brief courtship leads to this regretful longing. But Bhavna, despite being cognizant of the ill-fated future, goes ahead with the brief relationship. Soon DK returns to his world and his wife and forgets all about this ephemeral romance. Bhavna to her part never tries to contact him, even when she gives birth to his son. This quirky spirit of Bhavna is strangely alluring. And Gulzar created a similar character (Maya) in his tale of unrequited romance (Ijaazat). 

The confession

When DK discovers that he has a son outside his marriage with Bhavna, he is of course devastated. But he makes no effort to hide this fact from Indu. In one of the most poignant scenes from the film, he confesses in front of his wife. This scene comes very early into the narrative, which is again rather unconventional. In such situations in most movies, the guilty party tries to evade this moment of confrontation and makes all efforts to delay it to as late as possible- to eternity if feasible. Here by standing up and facing the truth while admitting to the the worst, DK shows great strength of character. But more than that it shows the amount of love he has for his wife. He knows that he has caused great hurt to her, but he faces this fact head-on without fearing the repercussions. 

The arrival

The arrival of Rahul (Jugal Hansraj)is fraught with tension as expected. The boy is quiet and deeply affected by the loss of his mother. But despite all his nervousness, there is an air of confidence in the way he talks and looks around. The aura he has is a quaint cocktail of melancholy and warmth. His eyes are expressive, and gives away more than what his words do. The new setting for him is a challenge. But he is unaware of the fact that his arrival is as big a challenge to Indu, if not more. From this point, the most intriguing moments of the movie are between her and the boy. Her internal struggle, her confusion, and her being unable to take a tough stance against the lovable boy is a real treat to watch. The arrival of Rahul is also a welcome change in the lives of the two girls Pinky and Minni (The elder one played by a young and as sprightly as always Urmila Matondkar). 

The new family

The bonding between the three kids is delightful to watch. The younger sister Minnie is less tentative and the more curious of the two. She and Rahul strike a friendship immediately. The elder Pinky is slightly more reserved and takes her time to lose her guard against the stranger boy. But when Rahul helps her with some difficult Maths, she too starts liking him immensely. The song 'Lakri Ki Kaathi' is a joy to watch with the three sharing great camaraderie. Post the song comes one of the most touching moments of the movie when Rahul gifts Indu a self-made wooden box. This is again a moment when the motherly love in Indu is itching to come out and embrace the boy, but the hurt wife in her stops her from doing so. 

My favorite scene

DK and Suri's families go for a picnic on a weekend. In a game of cricket Suri's spoilt and bratty boy spanks DK the bowler all over the park. A proud Suri watches his son bat splendidly from behind the wickets. The ball is then taken by Rahul and he runs in to bowl... The result is expected yet sweet. He clean bowls Suri's young boy. What follows is something truly heartwarming. Seeing Rahul beat Suri's son at the game DK exults in joy. There is a feeling of great pride in him which he is unable to restrain. The father in him forgets for a moment the precarious situation that his family faces due to his illegitimate son. He almost proclaims to the world... "he is my son". Only thing is, that there is no one in earshot. 

Tujhse Naraaz Nahin Zindagi... Hairan Hoon Main

The genius of Gulzar. Remarkably simple words that convey a sea of emotions. Certainly one of the most memorable songs to have come out of his pen. The soothing tune and the wonderful lyrics are coupled with some excellent visuals with DK and Rahul spending some quality father-son time with each other. The scenes are reminiscent of the Salman Khan starrer 'Jab Pyaar Kisi Se Hota Hai'. The movie that came in the late 90s is most certainly inspired by Masoom, and no wonder it is one of my favorite Salman Khan films :)

The drama

Rahul soon learns that DK is none other than his own father. Unable to take in the shock, Rahul's young mind loses its composure and he runs away from DK's place. His disappearance creates great drama with DK losing his cool and driving all over his portion of the city along with Suri, searching for Rahul. At home the two sisters are unable to handle the stress and break down. Once again the character with the most confused emotions is Indu. She is worried for Rahul, but restrains herself from expressing her worry out aloud. 

The differences that were created since Rahul's arrival start creating an inferno in Indu's head while he goes missing. Her's is most certainly the most complex role of the lot and Shabana Azmi does full justice to her. In the end the compassionate mother in her wins over the hurt wife, and that leads to a happy climax!

Parting Note: Masoom is truly a special film. It deserves to be seen and savored by all those who like their movies to be simple yet alluring. Parting with the song that's synonymous with the movie today. 

Khandar (1984)

Slight periods of darkness interspersed with glorious hours of sunshine. But at the end, the darkness had to prevail…

Mrinal Sen’s 1984 feature film Khandar (ruins) is a deeply moving account of human predicament, that despite it lugubrious approach ends up as a poignant and redoubtable study of how our past and our roots always have a formidable role to play in shaping our future. The emphasis is on stillness of time and incidentally (or rather intentionally) the main character is a still photographer. It’s his art that acts like a window to the director’s mind and his vision. The story though basic alludes to a deep thought that is far visceral than what it looks on surface.

A young man Dipu (Pankaj Kapoor) takes his two friends, Subhash (Naseeruddin Shah) and Anil (Annu Kapoor), along to his ancestral ruins in the heartlands of the country where once his family were the plenteous ‘zamindars’. The decrepit ruins are a photographer’s delight and thus Subhash cannot keep his alacrity in check and decides to take a panoramic view of the surrounding from the roof of their ‘haveli’ despite it being pitch dark on the first day of their arrival itself (he uses an electric torch for the same). The circular gaze of his torch falls upon the intricate wall structures on the building opposite to him until it captures a face in a window- the face of a woman…

Later he comes to know that the woman is Dipu’s cousin Jamini (Shabana Azmi) who lives all alone in the spawning derelict ruins along with her invalid mother who can’t even move an arm without someone’s intervention. Dipu tells him and Anil about her being the only members of their family who had refused to leave the ‘haveli’ even as the others around them had left for the big cities in search for a better and a more secure livelihood (triggered by a malaria epidemic that had struck the region a few years back). He also tells them that both Jamini and her ailing mother were waiting for a guy who had promised to come and take Jamini along with him as his wife. This very hope was what was keeping the old lady alive. Intrigued by it all Subhash decides to visit the mother and daughter while Dipu paid them a cursory visit. But in an unexpected turn of events, the mother (who no longer has the sense of vision) imagines Subhash to be the very guy who had promised to take her daughter away from the ruins and help her escape her vacuous and wasteful life.

What follows next is that Subhash finds himself drawn towards the extremely nubile and pragmatic Jamini, but cannot bring himself to admit it. At the same time a slight hope starts building up inside Jamini that Subhash would indeed ask her hand for marriage. At more instance than one, both of them meet and there is a tacit confluence of these thoughts. However nothing is expressed verbally. Jamini’s comportment changes drastically while talking to Subhash. The intonation in her voice and the lurch in her sentences convey a great internal struggle that is only compounded by her mother’s inexorable questions and remarks. On the other hand Subhash starts hiding his face behind his camera to eschew giving away what was going on in his mind. His fingers keep on clicking away and he starts capturing each and every aspect of the quaint ‘khandar’, while avoiding taking that one picture that would be the closest to his heart.

After three days the time comes for them to leave the ruins, Subhash cannot hold himself back and jumps out of the bull-cart just prior to their departure and runs towards Jamini’s quarters. Till the very last moment he cannot resolve his predicament, and ultimately leaves upon taking just one last photograph, that of Jamini looking at him in a hopeful manner through the door of her house of confinement. This last photograph would keep haunting Subhash for the rest of his life…

The movie is akin to a beautiful and languid prose that is suffused with thought. Through the sinuous performances by the case, especially by Shabana Azmi who is beyond wonderful in her portrayal of the lady thwarted by her own roots, the movie sublimates into something which is very rare in Hindi cinema.

Parting Note: The movie is simply a must watch. It’s unfortunate that the only print available for it online is not too great and the scenes shot in the darkness of the night are difficult to comprehend. But it is no hindrance as at a certain level it was meant to be that way- only those who know the dark can appreciate the munificence of the glorious sunshine! 

Ankur (1974)

India lives in its villages. It is unfortunate that people like me, born and brought up in India’s rapidly developing metropolitan cities soon transforming into world centers for commerce and quickly imbibing a culture to match that of their western counterparts, don’t really have much of an idea about the way things were (and still are) in what still forms more than 70 percent of our country- i.e. our heartlands- our roots. It is only through books and texts that we get a perception of this world that exists alongside us, but is largely unknown. Unfortunately, most of our movies paint a rosy picture of it- with farmers singing away happily through the seasons of harvest, and the village communities living like large families- tackling challenges, and subsequently celebrating together- in unison. Hardly any movie touches upon the social dynamics, the caste system, and the stigmas prevalent in that world. Shyam Benegal’s first feature- ‘Ankur’ is an exception to the norm. It is the stark reality that a part of us knows about, but refuses accept. It is an award winning movie that opened the doors for independent thought in Indian cinema- one that is uninhibited, courageous, and bold.

The film opens with a traditional village ceremony on a cloudy day, and the sequence ends with Laxmi asking God for an offspring...It is a story of Laxmi (Shabhana Azmi is a role for which she won the National Award), wife of a drunkard, jobless, deaf, and dumb 'kumhaar' (someone who makes mud utensils) who looks after the estate of a wealthy village personality.  Then one fine day Surya, the son of this wealthy person, comes to stay over and manage the estate. Surya is a young man who has just completed his schooling and has taken the marital vows (though his wife is still too young to be staying with him).

Laxmi spots an opportunity and on her request Surya gives her jobless husband the job of manning the bullock cart. Soon, Laxmi takes full responsibility of the household chores for Surya, who does not refrain from having the food cooked by her (an untouchable), much to the chagrin of the village priest who repeatedly asks the young man to have food from his house. Her involvement in Surya’s life attains greater proportions when her husband, found to be stealing stuff from the estate, runs away abandoning her and the small hut they shared. Surya starts getting attracted to Laxmi, and after her initial hesitancy, they get into a physical relationship. Things take a turn when Surya’s wife comes over to stay with him at the estate, and immediately starts to detest Laxmi’s presence in their lives. The tension escalates, and soon reaches a crescendo when Laxmi discovers that she is pregnant with Surya’s child and is forced to retreat to her hut.

Slowly the village folk get to know this fact, and things start going around in the air. Just when Laxmi starts fearing that there would be nothing left for her in life, her husband returns back- happier, and determined to make amends for his disloyalty. The scene when Laxmi discovers her husband’s return and starts bawling her heart out, overcome with guilt and remorse, is one of the most powerful ones in the movie and superbly performed by Shabhana Azmi (I guess it would have been this scene that would have clinched the National award for her). The climax too is heart-wrenching and really thought provoking.

The performances in the movie are top-notch, with Shabana Azmi leading the way, and Anant Nag (as Surya) too pitching in with an earnest act. But it is essentially a director’s film and Shyam Benegal handles his vision with supreme confidence and utter disdain for the norm. He speaks his own language, and does not refrain from keeping the dirty words out to please the eye. This movie, though essentially a story of a woman’s longing for love and acceptance, touches upon and comments on many social issues afflicting our society. It is a film that has the power to arouse debate- and that is the key winning of the attempt.

Suitably lauded at that time, Ankur won a lot of awards, and more importantly opened the doors for many directors to progress their vision without looking for commercial acceptance, and caring for footfalls in cinemas. Shyam Benegal himself followed up this movie with Nishant and Manthan- equally powerful movies that were made with similar fearlessness and clarity of purpose.